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The Petronas Twin Towers (also known as the Petronas Towers or just Twin Towers), in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia are twin towers and were the world's tallest buildings, before being surpassed by Taipei 101. However, the towers are still the tallest twin buildings in the world. They were the world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004 if measured from the level of the main entrance to the structural top, the original height reference used by the US-based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat from 1969 (three additional height categories were introduced as the tower neared completion in 1996).
Petronas Twin Towers were the world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004.
Preceded by Sears Tower Surpassed by Taipei 101
Information
Location : Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Status : Complete Constructed : 1992-1998 Use : Office
Height
Antenna/Spire : 451.9 m (1,482.6 ft)[1] Roof : 378.6 m (1,242.1 ft) Top floor : 375.0 m (1,230.3 ft)
Architect : César Pelli Structural Engineer : Thornton Tomasetti Contractor Tower1: Hazama Corporation Contractor Tower2: Samsung Engineering & Construction and Kukdong Engineering & Construction : B.L. Harbert International Management : KLCC
Comparison with other towers
In accordance to CTBUH, the pinnacles contributed to the overall height of the towers, thus surpassing the Sears Tower.
The Petronas Twin Towers were the tallest buildings in the world until Taipei 101, as measured to the top of their structural components (spires, but not antennas), took over the record. Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, to which changes would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Twin Towers remain the tallest twin buildings in the world.
The Sears Tower and the World Trade Center towers were each constructed with 110 occupied floors – 22 more than the Petronas Twin Towers’ 88 floors. The Sears Tower and the World Trade Center’s roofs and highest occupied floors substantially exceeded the height of the roof and highest floors of the Petronas Twin Towers. The Sears Tower’s tallest antenna is 75 m (246 ft) taller than the Petronas Twin Towers’ spires. However, in accordance to CTBUH regulations and guidelines, the antennas of the Sears Tower were not counted as part of its architectural features.Therefore, the Petronas Twin Towers exceed the official height of the Sears Tower by 10m, but the Sears Tower has more floors with occupied office space at a higher level.
History
Designed by Argentine-American architect César Pelli, the Petronas Towers were completed in 1998 and became the tallest buildings in the world on the date of completion. They were built on the site of Kuala Lumpur's race track. Because of the depth of the bedrock, the buildings were built on the world's deepest foundations. The 120-meter foundations were built by Bachy Soletanche, and required massive amounts of concrete.
The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim religion. Another Islamic influence on the design is that the cross-section of the towers is based on a Rub el Hizb (albeit with circular sectors added to meet office space requirements). Due to a lack of steel and the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper radical design of super high-strength reinforced concrete. High-strength concrete is a material familiar to Asian contractors and twice as effective as steel in sway reduction; however, it makes the building twice as heavy on its foundation than a comparable steel building. Supported by 23-by-23 meter concrete cores and an outer ring of widely-spaced super columns, the towers use a sophisticated structural system that accommodates its slender profile and provides from 1300 to 2000 square metres of column-free office space per floor.Below the twin towers is Suria KLCC, a shopping mall, and Dewan Filharmonik Petronas, the home of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra.
Other buildings have used spires to increase their height but have always been taller overall to the pinnacle when trying to claim the title. In the aftermath of the controversy, the rules governing official titles were partially overhauled, and a number of buildings re-classified structural antenna as architectural details to boost their height rating (even though nothing was actually done to the building).
Construction
PETRONAS took the challenge to develop the PETRONAS Twin Towers in 1991.
The project is an integral part of the Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC), a carefully planned development to provide the capital city with an efficient and modern centre for urban activity, trade and commerce encircling a vast, open green lung. It brought together the world's leading practitioners of engineering, building technology and construction.
Construction planning began in January 1992. By March 1993, the excavators were hard at work digging down to 30 metres below the surface of the site.
The extent of excavation required over 500 truck-loads of earth to be moved every night.
The next stage was the single largest and longest concrete pour in Malaysian history: 13,200 cubic metres of concrete was continuously poured through a period of 54 hours for each tower. This record-breaking slab, together with 104 piles forms the foundation for each of the towers.
From this floor rose a 21-metre high retaining wall, with a perimeter length of over 1 kilometre. This concrete shell and the basement area it enclosed required two years of up to 40 workers on site all day and night.
The final product is the basement carpark offering a total of 5,400 parking bays on five levels beneath the podium wrapping the towers.
As an added consideration, two different contractors were chosen for each tower to allow cross-monitoring of construction values and techniques – with one coming to the aid of the other should problems arise.
The construction of the superstructure commenced in April 1994, after rigorous tests and simulations of wind and structural loads on the design.
The 'composite' structure of the Towers employs both the flexibility of steel and the rigidity of high-strength concrete.
Each component material was used to best effect in constructing the 452 m-high buildings. About 80,000 cubic metres of high strength concrete with 37,000 tons of steel were used to form the frames of both Towers.
Of particular importance was maintaining the verticality of the structures throughout the full height as they were being built. The reason for this, besides reinforcing the aesthetic design, were to ensure structural load integrity and the safe passage of the high-speed double-decker elevators.
The determination of verticality was monitored by international specialist surveyors who, with the aid of global positioning systems, checked alignments every day and every night. The same surveyor used the same instrument at the same time in every 24 hours, thereby minimising any element of differences in judgment.
Construction works were done primarily at night and finishing works were done primarily during the day (to minimize the cost of artificial lighting). As a result, the entire management and construction team redefined the Malaysian industry standard of 'fast-track'.
The PETRONAS Twin Towers were finally encased in steel and glass and could be viewed as complete in June 1996.
The construction process also drew extensively from the local industry, with the finished towers having over 60 percent local material content.
Malaysian made items included raw materials such as concrete and timber; finishing materials such as marble, ceramic tiles and glass; pre-fabricated materials including dry-walls, doors, suspended ceilings, and metal decking; equipment ranging from escalators to light fittings and sanitary ware; also furniture of all types from work-stations to custom-designed suites.
Much of these materials were used in the process of internal finishing, which was then the focus of work teams until the end of 1996.
Skybridge
The towers feature a skybridge between the two towers on 41st and 42nd floors, which is the highest 2-story bridge in the world. The bridge is 170m above the ground and 58 m long, weighing 750 tons. The same floor is also known as the podium, since visitors desiring to go to higher levels have to change elevators here. The skybridge is open to all visitors, but free passes (limited to 1700 people per day) must be obtained on a first-come, first-served basis. Visitors are only allowed on the 41st floor as the 42nd floor can only be used by the tenants of the building.
The skybridge also acts as a safety device, so that in the event of a fire or other emergency in one tower, tenants can evacuate by crossing the skybridge to the other tower. The total evacuation triggered by a bomb hoax on September 12, 2001 [4] (the day after the September 11 attacks destroyed the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City) showed that the bridge would not be useful if both towers need to be emptied simultaneously, as the capacity of the staircases was insufficient for such an event. Plans thus call for the lifts to be used if both towers need to be evacuated, and a successful drill following the revised plan was conducted in 2005.
Silat is an umbrella term used to describe the martial art forms practiced throughout the Malay Archipelago. Internationally it is now called Pencak Silat. Silat is a combative art of fighting and survival and it has been evolved in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam civilizations for centuries into social culture and tradition. During the colonization era, both in Malaysia and Singapore as British Colonies and in Indonesia as Dutch colonies, practitioners (locally known as pesilat) used the martial art as a form to liberate from foreign authorities.
The distinctive forms of silat with other Asian martial arts, such as kung fu, tae kwon do or karate, lie on the cultural aspect. Silat is not only for combative purposes. When accompanied with traditional instruments, such as kendang (gendang), silat transforms into a folk dance. The term silat is actually a noun which has a formidable arsenal of terms used to refer to martial arts in Southeast Asia. It can be said in Malaysia as seni silat, seni bela-diri and sometimes ilmu silat. In Sumatra silat is known as silek and more popularly in Java and Indonesia as Pencak Silat. The Chinese fusion of silat is known as kuntao.
History
Silat spread throughout the Malay Archipelago since the seventh century AD, but its origin is still uncertain. However, silat has been acknowledged as a genuine Malay art. Malay people that have inhabited coastal cities of Sumatra island and Malay peninsula, from Aceh in the north to Kelantan, Kedah and Riau archipelago in the south, were the people who practiced silat. Contacts with other ethnic groups in the coastal cities had also influenced silat. There is evidence that Chinese and Indian culture had influence the martial art forms. When Islam was spread throughout the archipelago in the fourteenth century, it was taught alongside with silat. Besides as a combative art and cultural folk dance, silat then became a spiritual training.
Silat was gradually refined into the specialized property of sultans, panglima (general) and pendekar (warriors) during the Malacca Sultan, Majapahit and Srivijaya empires. It was the time when silat spread through Malay peninsula, Java, Bali, Sulawesi and Borneo. Malays, in particular in Malay peninsula, considers the legendary story of Hang Tuah of the fourteenth century as the father of silat.
Silat shares the same history in Malaysia (incl. Singapore and Brunei) and Indonesia during the colonization era as a form to liberate from foreign authorities. During post colonization era, silat has been evolved into formal martial arts. National organizations were formed, such as in Malaysia: Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan Malaysia (PESAKA), in Indonesia: Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (IPSI), in Singapore: Persekutuan Silat Singapura (PERSIS), in Brunei Darussalam: Persekutuan Silat Brunei Darussalam (PERSIB), as well as tens of silat organizations in US and Europe. Silat is now officially included as part of the sport game, particularly during the Southeast Asian Games.
Silat
Seni Silat atau Pencak Silat adalah salah satu seni mempertahankan diri bagi bangsa Melayu atau Nusantara yang diamalkan sejak berkurun yang lampau. Usia sesebuah ilmu atau salasilah seni silat tidak dapat dihuraikan secara terperinci dan tepat kerana tiada usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dari pihak berwajib secara mendalam. Ada yang menganggarkan seni ini sememangnya telah berusia beratus-ratus tahun dan diperturunkan dari generasi ke sebuah generasi. Ini termasuklah adanya pengamal-pengamal seni mempertahankan diri ini dari aliran Silat di Malaysia, Filipina, Brunei, Indonesia, dan Thailand. Di Malaysia sahaja telah wujud beratus-ratus tahun yang lampau dan mempunyai pelbagai cara seperti menggunakan senjata atau tanpa menggunakan senjata. Bagi silat yang menggunakan senjata. Senjata-senjata Melayu lama yang sering digunakan seperti keris, badik, kerambit, parang, pedang, lading, Tumbuk Lada, tekpi, tongkat, tembong dan sundang. Bagi silat yang tanpa menggunakan senjata, pengajaran akan menumpukan perhatian kepada pertempuran tangan kosong(tanpa senjata).
Jenis-jenis silat
Silat terbahagi kepada silat yang menjurus kepada seni atau bunga dan buah pukul atau kedua-duanya sekali (seni dan buah pukul). Namun begitu kebanyakan jurulatih mengajarkan kedua-duanya sekali. Silat seni seperti silat pulut biasanya dipersembahkan pada majlis rasmi dan majlis keramaian seperti majlis perkahwinan manakala silat dari jenis buah pukul atau seni tempur pula lebih banyak disorokkan dari pandangan ramai atas dasar-dasar memelihara seni permainan dan beberapa alasan yang lain.
Silat sehingga kini sudah banyak yang dipecahkan alirannya, seperti mana pecahnya silat Gayung (Gayung Laksamana, Gayung Laksamana Pahang dan lain-lain lagi). Di Malaysia sahaja terdapat hampir 500 Perguruan Silat yang telah dapat dikesan. Terdapat juga pendapat yang mengatakan bahawa silat kini semakin tidak mendapat sambutan dari golongan pemerintah yang sepatutnya memelihara seni ini dengan alasan, banyak ajaran sesat yang terdapat dalam silat. Bagaimanapun mereka yang mengekalkan budaya silat tetap meneruskan aktiviti mereka walaupun tanpa sokongan. Apa yang pasti Silat akan terus menjadi warisan dan lambang jati diri Melayu sedunia.
14:00 - 15:00 FORMULA ONE Track Familiarisation – Safety Car 15:00 FORMULA ONE Press Conference – Press Room 16:00 FORMULA ONE Team Managers’ Meeting 17:00 GP2 ASIA Drivers Meeting
FRIDAY - APRIL 3, 2009
08:45 - 09:00 FORMULA ONE Marshalling System Track Test 09:30 - 09:40 FORMULA ONE Track Inspection 10:00 - 11:30 FORMULA ONE First Practice Session 11:55 - 12:25** GP2 ASIA Practice Session 12:50 - 13:15 FORMULA BMW PACIFIC Practice Session 13:20 - 13:50 FORMULA ONE Paddock Club Pit Lane Walk 13:30 - 13:40 FORMULA ONE Track Inspection 14:00 - 15:30 FORMULA ONE Second Practice Session 16:00 - 16:30 GP2 ASIA Qualifying Session 16:00 - 17:00 FORMULA ONE Press Conference - Press Room 17:00 FORMULA ONE Drivers Meeting 17:00 - 17:25** FORMULA BMW PACIFIC Qualifying Session
SATURDAY - APRIL 4, 2009
10:00 - 11:00 FORMULA ONE Pit Stop Practice 10:00 - 11:00 FORMULA ONE Paddock Club Pit Lane Walk 10:15 - 10:30 FORMULA ONE Marshalling System Track Test 11:40 GP2 ASIA Pit Lane Open 11:50 GP2 ASIA Pit Lane Closed 12:00* - 13:15 GP2 ASIA First Race (33 Laps Or 75 Mins) 13:15 - 13:45 FORMULA ONE Paddock Club Pit Lane Walk 13:30 - 13:40 FORMULA ONE Track Inspection 14:00 - 15:00 FORMULA ONE Third Practice Session 15:30* - 16:00 FORMULA BMW PACIFIC First Race (10 Laps Or 25 Mins) 16:15 - 16:45 FORMULA ONE Paddock Club Pit Lane Walk 16:30 - 16:40 FORMULA ONE Track Inspection 17:00 - 18:00 FORMULA ONE Qualifying Session
SUNDAY - APRIL 5, 2009
11:00 - 12:00 FORMULA ONE Paddock Club Pit Lane Walk 11:00 - 11:15 FORMULA ONE Marshalling System Track Test 13:10 GP2 ASIA Pit Lane Open 13:20 GP2 ASIA Pit Lane Closed 13:30* - 14:20 GP2 ASIA Second Race (22 Laps Or 45 Mins) 14:00 FORMULA ONE Drivers’ Meeting (If Necessary) 14:45* - 15:15 FORMULA BMW PACIFIC Second Race (10 Laps Or 25 Mins) 15:25 - 16:10 FORMULA ONE Paddock Club Pit Lane Walk 15:30 FORMULA ONE Drivers Track Parade 15:45 - 16:15 FORMULA ONE Starting Grid Presentation 16:10 - 16:20 FORMULA ONE Track Inspection 16:30 FORMULA ONE Pit Lane Open 16:45 FORMULA ONE Pit Lane Closed Grid Formation 16:46 FORMULA ONE National Anthem 17:00* FORMULA ONE Grand Prix (56 Laps Or 120 Mins)
* These times refer to the start of the formation lap ** Fixed Time Session
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MyGreenOil is a unique formula of high-quality natural esters. It is non-toxic, natural and made up of 100% plant quintessence. When fuel is reformulated by it; fuel consumption, toxic exhaust emissions and engine maintenance costs will be reduced significantly.
PETROL APPLICATION: Mix 1 ml of MyGreenOil to every 1000ml (1 litre) of Petrol.
DIESEL APPLICATION: Mix 1.2ml of MyGreenOil to every 1000ml (1litre) of Diesel.
Product Applications:
MyGreenOil is a multi-functional fuel reformulator. When mixed with any liquid fuel, it immediately changes normal fuel, making it a super efficient fuel which performs at optimum value, resulting in multiple benefits to the consumer.
MyGreenOil can reformulate any kind of liquid fuel such as; all kinds of petrol, diesel, light fuel, medium fuel, heavy (bunker) fuel or biodiesel.
It brings economic savings when used for cars, trucks, RV's, boats, motorcycle, diesel powered engines, generator sets, lawn, garden, farm equipment, furnaces, burners, boilers and industries that use large amounts of fuel.
PETROL APPLICATION
Mix 1 ml of MyGreenOil to every 1000ml (1 litre) of Petrol.
Example: For 50 litres of petrol, mix 50ml of MyGreenOil
DIESEL APPLICATION
Mix 1.2ml of MyGreenOil to every 1000ml (1litre) of Diesel
Example: For 50 litres of Diesel, mix (50x1.2) = 60 ml of MyGreenOi
Many people make the mistake of expecting optimal fuel economy results on the first tank of fuel mixed with MyGreenOil. Although the majority of the people do get results on the very first tank, there are people who don’t.
Please remember that your engine has been running on incomplete combustion for a long time and as such carbon deposits would have already built up. The first application clears away this carbon deposit, thus preparing the way for an efficient combustion thereafter.
Optimum results of MyGreenOil usually comes into full effect after 5 tanks of usage of fuel.
Internal components of the engine benefit from the lubricating and cleansing properties of MyGreenOil, this includes the fuel lines, filters, carburettors, spark plugs, injectors and all engine seals, keeping them tighter and longer lasting.
BEFORE without MyGreenOil (15,000 km)
AFTER with MyGreenOil (15,000 km)
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Long-term benefits of MyGreenOil start appearing after several weeks of continuous use. As the reformulated fuel continues to run through the engine, the natural esters which have very small molecular structures starts penetrating the imperfections on the metal surfaces of the engine, forming a lubricating layer of film between all moving surfaces. As a result, the engine begins to run noticeably smoother with less power-robbing friction and heat. Engine performance & engine efficiency continues to improve measurably, over a period of months and fuel savings will be very evident from then on.
BEFORE without MyGreenOil 360C
AFTER with MyGreenOil 300C
As long as the use of MyGreenOil mixed in fuel continues, superior engine performance will result. If you have a new engine it will run better than new. If you have an old engine, it's performance will return closer to the manufacturer's specifications. A cleaner, more lubricated engine runs at cooler temperatures and runs smoother with unnecessary vibrations, protecting the engine from expensive repairs and requiring less maintenance while extending its life.
Tests and Analysis
SIRIM QAS International A series of tests conducted by the Chemical Testing Section of SIRIM QAS International reveals that MyGreenOil does not contain heavy metals, is non-acidic with a neutral PH 7 and is 100% ashless upon combustion.
University of Science Malaysia (USM) A test conducted by the Engines Laboratory of USM which concluded that MyGreenOil gave a significant and repeatable increase in the steady state operational speed of an engine.
Puspakom – Computerised Vehice Testing Centre An emissions opacity test was done on a 6 month old Toyota Hilux Diesel (2006) (Euro Green Engine). The vehicle was tested before adding MyGreenOil to the diesel fuel with a smoke emission opacity reading of 38%. MyGreenOil was then added and the vehicle was driven 90km before being tested again. Smoke emission opacity reduced to only 19%. The test concludes that smoke emission opacity reduced by 50%.
MyGreenOil is covered by RM 1 million Product Liability Insurance
The Sepang International Circuit is 5.5 Km. The Sepang Circuit is the most spectacular race circuit in the Eastern hemisphere. Built at a cost of US$120 million, the Sepang Circuit was fully completed in November 1998. Its first racing event taking place on the 12th December. The circuit actually consist of one circuit within another. The main race track being 5.542km & the other option being 2.805km. Some of the most spectacular features of the circuit are the smooth & sweeping chicane capable of negotiating at speeds in excess of 200kph. The fastest part of the circuit is the straight between T15 and T1 or usually known as the home straight. Speed can reach up to about 350kph. Spectators would be advised to wear ear plugs especially on the grandstands. The pits consist of many spectacular features such as built-in team office & conference area with the latest hi-tech gizmo.
In a typical F1 Grand Prix it runs for a total of 56 laps. The track has almost no gradients and includes two very long straights where speeds are in excess of 180 mph. The track is known as a car breaker and any car with a reliability problem will most probably not see the end of this race. There are many places for overtaking on this circuit and this often leads to very compelling racing. Being the best circuit in the World, its facilities are rated superb by drivers and experts.
The Sepang Circuit is located about 60km from the capital city of Kuala Lumpur and about 15km from the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). The circuit is linked to the city & the airport with an excellent highway system. Traveling by road on the expressway will approximately takes about 40 minutes from the city to the circuit. Street signs are clearly visible on the highway.
Full Circuit Details:
Circuit Technical Data: • Area: 90ha • Track length: 5.542km (3.443 miles) • Width: 16.00m • Width at start- finish line: 16.00m • Width at turn 1: 18.00m • Width at turn 2: 20.00m • Width at turn 15:. 25.00m • Turns: 15 in total • Left turns: 5 • Right turns: 10 • Straights: 8 • Longest straight: 927.543m (start - finish)
Ground Floor: • 350m length, 24m to 30m in width • 30 pit garages each with an area of 8m wide, 24m deep • 15 team rooms • Photographers areas with lockers and 3 darkrooms • 2 prayer rooms • parc ferme enclosure 155m3 • Scrutineering Bay 155m3 • Storage area • 2 tunnels for under circuit external access, 6m wide
Mezzanine Floor: • Race Control Room, 64m2 • Time Keeping Room, 55m2 • 12 Offices, for the FIA and FOA • 2 Conference Rooms • Main Office Rooms • Winners Podium • Interview Room • Media Centre (for approximately 600 journalists) • Hospitality area with freight elevator
Second Floor: • Royal Lounge and garden • Further Hospitality area
Other facilities:
Medical Centre: • A single-storey building equipped: • X-ray room • Facilities for patients with burns • Doping control room • Observation Room • Laboratories • Waiting Room • Ambulance passage • Office
Plant Building: • This building houses all mechanical and electrical centralized monitoring systems for the building and circuit facilities.
Parking Bays: • Over 18,000 parking bays are provided around the circuit.
Helipad: • There are helipads at both ends of the Medical Centre and Plant Building.
Welcome Centre: • The Welcome Centre serves as the main nerve center of the operational activities of the circuit. The two blocks (each 4-storey buildings) consist of a basement to store circuit equipment, first floor which has restaurant, bar, exhibition area and retail outlet facilities. It also contains various offices, classrooms, conference rooms and a mall that serves as a "bridge" to the Grandstand. The roof terrace is designed as a meeting and function area.
Spectator Areas:
Main Grandstand: • The unique double frontage Main Grandstand, which accommodates 30,000 spectators, is equipped with numbered seats. It is devided into two sections; the North Wing and the South Wing, each with a Lower level and an Upper level.
Upper Level: • 5 rows of seating • 18 Corporate Suites • 42 Speaker cabins • The Canopy Tower at the end of the Main Grandstand is a 3-storey tower with capacity for 1,100 spectators.
Natural Stands: • There are 4 natural Stands situated around the Circuit. They can accommodate 100,000 spectators at any one time. Spectators will enjoy the racing thrills from any vantage point.
Points of interest:
Earthworks have included the movement of approximately 9,000,000m3 of soil approximately 10,000m2 of aluminium cladding was used 10,000 palm trees have been planted around the circuit and parking areas. SIC built their own asphalt and concrete plant plants along with a workers village, up to 2000 workers worked on the circuit at the same time.
Kuala Lumpur often abbreviated to KL, is the capital and the largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of 244 km2, has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, making it the country's legislative capital. The city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they have since moved to Putrajaya starting in 1999. Some sections of the judiciary remain in the capital. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is also situated in Kuala Lumpur. The city is also the cultural and economic center of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a primate city.
Country: Malaysia State: Federal Territory Establishment: 1857 Granted city status: 1972 Granted Federal Territory: 1974
Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialized and economically the fastest growing region in Malaysia. Despite the relocation of federal government administration to Putrajaya, certain government’s important machineries such Bank Negara Malaysia (Central Bank of Malaysia), Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city.
The architecture of Kuala Lumpur is a blend of old colonial influences, Asian traditions, Malay Islamic inspirations, modern, and postmodern architecture mix. Being a relatively young city compared with other Southeast Asian capitals such as Bangkok, Jakarta and Manila, most of Kuala Lumpur's colonial buildings were built toward the end of 19th and early 20th century. These buildings have Moorish, Tudor, Neo-Gothic or Grecian-Spanish style or architecture. Most of the styling has been modified to use local resources and acclimatized to the local climate, which is hot and humid all year around.
Sports and recreation
Kuala Lumpur is one of the host cities for the Formula One World Championship, the open-wheel auto racing A1 Grand Prix and the Motorcycle Grand Prix with races being held at Sepang International Circuit in the neighbouring state of Selangor, next to the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. A five-star international show jumping equestrian event is held annually in the city. This annual event draws the world’s top riders and their prized horses to Malaysia. Other annual sport events hosted by the city include the KL Tower Run, the KL Tower International BASE Jump Merdeka Circuit and the Kuala Lumpur International Marathon. Kuala Lumpur is also one of the stages of the Tour de Langkawi cycling race. The annual Malaysia Open Super Series badminton tournament is held in Kuala Lumpur.
Kuala Lumpur has a considerable array of sports facilities of international class after hosting the 1998 Commonwealth Games. Many of these facilities including the main stadium (with running track and a football field), hockey stadium and swimming pools are located in the National Sports Complex at Bukit Jalil while a velodrome and more swimming pools are located in Bandar Tun Razak, next to the Taman Tasik Permaisuri Lake Gardens. There are also soccer fields, local sports complexes, swimming pools and tennis courts scattered around the suburbs. Badminton and ‘takraw’ courts are usually included in community halls. Kuala Lumpur has several golf courses including the Kuala Lumpur Golf and Country Club (KLGCC) and the Malaysia Civil Service Golf Club in Kiara and the Berjaya Golf Course at Bukit Jalil.
Tourism
The tourism sector also plays an important part in the city’s economy, providing income, employment and expanding business opportunities. As an extension of this, many large worldwide hotel chains have presence in the city. Kuala Lumpur has also developed into an international shopping destination with a wide variety of shopping centres and mega malls which carry well-known global and local brands. Conference tourism has also expanded in recent years and is becoming a very important component of the industry.
Major destinations include the House of Parliament, Kuala Lumpur Tower, Putra World Trade Centre, Dataran Merdeka, Tugu Negara, Istana Negara, Istana Budaya, mosque such as the Masjid Negara and the Federal Territory Mosque, Muzium Negara, and other tourist attractions including Aquaria KLCC, Makam Pahlawan, National Science Centre, Eye on Malaysia, Zoo Negara, Batu Caves, and events such as the Chinese cultural festivals at the Thean Hou Temple and the Thaipusam procession at the Sri Mahamariamman Temple. The Golden Triangle, the commercial hub of the city, contains the Petronas Twin Towers and has a distinctive nightlife. Trendy nightclubs, bars and lounges, such as Hard Rock Cafe, Zouk, Thai Club, Beach Club (voted Best Bar in Asia), Luna Bar, Rum Jungle, Nuovo, Espanda and many others are located within and around Jalan P. Ramlee, Jalan Sultan Ismail and Jalan Ampang.
Transportation
Unlike most other Asian cities, driving is the main mode of commuting in Kuala Lumpur. Hence, every part of the city is well connected by highways. As capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road network that leads to the rest of Peninsular Malaysia. High speed roadways, or expressways are tolled roadways, and motorist using these expressways have an option of paying by cash, or by stored value cards such as Touch 'n Go and SmartTAG.
In terms of air connectivity, Kuala Lumpur is served by two airports. The main airport, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), which is also the aviation hub of Malaysia, is located about 50 km south of city. The other airport is Subang Airport which used to be the main international airport serving the city until KLIA replaced it when it opened in 1998. The airport connects the city with direct flights to destinations in six continents around the world, and is the main hub for the national carrier, Malaysia Airlines. KLIA can be reached using the KLIA Ekspres high-speed train service from KL Sentral which takes only twenty-eight minutes, while travelling by car via highway will take about an hour.
Public transport on Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the Klang Valley covers a variety of transport modes such as bus, rail and taxi. The rapid transit system in Kuala Lumpur consists of three separate rail systems which meet in the city and extends towards other parts of Klang Valley. The rail systems are RapidKL RAIL, KL Monorail, and KTM Komuter. These lines have either underground or elevated stations around the city. The main rapid transit hub is KL Sentral which facilitates as an interchange station for the rail systems. KL Sentral is also a hub for intercity railway operated by KTM Intercity. It provides for rail services to as far as Singapore in the south, and Hat Yai, Thailand, in the north.
The largest public transportation operator in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley is RapidKL. Since the take over from Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd, RapidKL has redrawn the entire bus network of Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley metropolitan area to increase ridership and improve Kuala Lumpur's public transportation system. The management of RapidKL has adopted the hub and spoke system to provide greater connectivity, and cut down the need of more buses. RapidKL is also the operator of three rapid transit rail lines in Kuala Lumpur, namely Ampang Line, Sri Petaling Line and Kelana Jaya Line.
Moving About In KUALA LUMPUR
TAXI - The city has an efficient transportation network tha enables visitors to move around conveniently and economically. Taxi services in the City taxis operate by meter. The current rate is RM2 for the first 5km and 10sen for each subsequent 200m. Radio taxis charge an additional RM1 for phone bookings. Taxis may be hired from taxi stands, hailed at the roadsides or through a radio-phone paging system.
TRAINS - The classic Moorish-style Kuala Lumpur Railway Station is air-conditioned and allows travellers to purchase tickets to almost anywhere in the Peninsula. The flexibility and convenience of traveling by train has now been reinforced by anew service -the KTM Komuter. It offers a speedy electric train service plying from Kuala Lumpur to as far as Port Klang, Rawang and Seremban. With 40 stops by the KTM Komuter and the normal express and mail trains spanning the peninsular, travellers now have a choice of an alternative mode of transport for both short and long distance journeys. (KTM Komuter Tel: 03 - 272 2828
BUS SERVICES - City buses in Kuala Lumpur operate services both within the city as well as to numerous points within the Klang Valley. generally, these buses provide air-conditioned comfort and are equipped with coin and card-operated automatic ticket dispensing machines. The following are the major bus stations in the city:
Klang Bus Station To Petaling Jaya, Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Subang, Shah Alam and Port Klang Jalan Sultan Mohamad Bus Station To Bangsar, Petaling Jaya (Old Town), Kelana Jaya and Bukit Pantai Damansara. Bangkok Bank Bus Stand To Selayang Baru, Segambut Dalam and Batu Caves Kota Raya Shopping Complex/Menara Maybank To Jalan Cheras, Sri Petaling, Serdang lama, Taman Goodwood, Salak South, Sungei Besi, Kmapung Pandan, Bandar Tun Razak and Taman Maluri Pudu Bus Station To Sri Kembangan, Sungei Besi Camp, Balakong, Taman Seri Serdang, Kajang Lebuh Ampang Bus Stand To Taman Greenwood, Kampung Air Panas, Sri Gombak, Taman Setapak and Batu 12 Gombak Chow Kit Bus Stand To Kampung Datuk keramat, Ulu Kelang, bangsar, Gombak and Jalan Genting Kelang
LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT (LRT) - This is about the best mode of transportation when you want to move about in Kuala Lumpur city. The price is cheap & best of all, you are not caught in the usual chaotic traffic jams, which gets so very bad when it rains. Phase 1 of the LRT system (STAR) was completed in 1996. It covers a distance of 12 km and consist of 13 stations. Daily operating hours are between 6.00am to 12.00 midnight. The LRT system forms an integral part of the overall integrated urban tranportation system planned for Kuala Lumpur. Honestly, the best way to move around the city.
